In this paper we present an overview, with historical and critical remarks, of two articles by S. Jaśkowski ([20, 21] 1948 and [22, 23] 1949), which contain the oldest known formulation of a paraconsistent logic. Jaśkowski has built the logic – he termed discussive (D2) – by defining two new connectives and by introducing a modal translation map from D2 systems into Lewis’ modal logic S5. Discussive systems, for their formal details and their original philosophical justification, have attracted discrete attention (...) among experts. Indeed, in what follows, after having introduced Jaśkowski methodology of building D2 and his main philosophical motivations for providing such a system, we will explore some of the main contributions to the development of D2. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to provide a proof-theoretic characterization of relevant logics including fusion and fission connectives, as well as Ackermann’s truth constant. We achieve this by employing the well-established methodology of labelled sequent calculi. After having introduced several systems, we will conduct a detailed proof-theoretic analysis, show a cut-admissibility theorem, and establish soundness and completeness. The paper ends with a discussion that contextualizes our current work within the broader landscape of the proof theory of relevant logics.

This paper challenges the negative attitudes towards labelled proof systems, usually referred to as semantic pollution, by arguing that such critiques overlook the full potential of labelled calculi. The overarching objective is to develop a practice-based philosophical analysis of labelled calculi to provide insightful considerations regarding their proof-theoretic and philosophical value. To achieve this, successful applications of labelled calculi and related results will be showcased, and comparisons with other relevant works will be discussed. The paper ends by advocating for a (...) more practice-based approach towards the philosophical understanding of proof systems and their role in structural proof theory. (shrink)

This manuscript presents an English translation of the work titled “Begründung Einer Strengen Implikation” by the German logician and mathematician Wilhelm Ackermann (1896-1962), first published in June 1956.

Chapter 1 constitutes an introduction to Gentzen calculi from two perspectives, logical and philosophical. It introduces the notion of generalisations of Gentzen sequent calculus and the discussion on properties that characterize good inferential systems. Among the variety of Gentzen-style sequent calculi, I divide them in two groups: syntactic and semantic generalisations. In the context of such a discussion, the inferentialist philosophy of the meaning of logical constants is introduced, and some potential objections – mainly concerning the choice of working with (...) semantic generalizations – are addressed. Finally, I’ll introduce the case studies that I’ll be dealing with in part II. Chapter 2 is concerned with the origins and development of Jaśkowski’s discussive logic. The main idea of this chapter is to systematize the various stages of the development of discussive logic related researches from two different angles, i.e., its connections to modal logics and its proof theory, by highlighting virtues and vices. Chapter 3 focuses on the Gentzen-style proof theory of discussive logic, by providing a characterization of it in terms of labelled sequent calculi. Chapter 4 deals with the Gentzen-style proof theory of relevant logics, again by employing the methodology of labelled sequent calculi. This time, instead of working with a single logic, I’ll deal with a whole family of them. More precisely, I’ll study in terms of proof systems those relevant logics that can be characterised, at the semantic level, by reduced Routley-Meyer models, i.e., relational structures with a ternary relation between states and a unique base element. Chapter 5 investigates the proof theory of a modal expansion of intuitionistic propositional logic obtained by adding an ‘actuality’ operator to the connectives. This logic was introduced also using Gentzen sequents. Unfortunately, the original proof system is not cut-free. This chapter shows how to solve this problem by moving to hypersequents. Chapter 6 concludes the investigations and discusses the future of the research presented throughout the dissertation. (shrink)

O desafio da epistemologia é compreender o que é o conhecimento científico e como o cientista chega a ele, do mesmo modo tudo que orbita este caráter, o que inclui a senciência, logo a relação epistemólogo e sua condição de ‘estar-no-mundo’ que podem ser suspensos, refletido e analisado. A senciência é capacidade dos seres humanos e alguns organismos mais simples de perceber e sentir as emoções, sentimentos e afetações positivas e negativas de forma consciente e impostar-se sobre os excedentes esta (...) relação. O epistemólogo é um filósofo e um pesquisador acadêmico especialista em fazer reflexões, críticas, reduções e reavaliações das identidades estabelecida nas bases do fazer científico. Neste sentido, qual é o lugar da senciência na epistemologia quanto à percepção do pesquisador epistemólogo? O objetivo visualizar o papel da senciência na epistemologia. A justificativa versa em compreender a senciência na vida mental dos cientistas na construção do conhecimento científico, pois mesmo nas mentes lúcidas, há zonas obscuras. Adotou-se o método fenomenológico, é essencialmente de inclinação qualitativa e descritiva, logo trata das discrições de fenômenos da consciência, da experiência e vivências, ações e comportamentos. O lugar da senciência na epistemologia versa no descontentamento da percepção pueril/realista e professoral/cientista do pesquisador epistemólogo, uma vez que a senciência se figura para além da consciência de autoconsciência. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Philosophy and Rhetoric 34.1 (2001) 1-20 [Access article in PDF] On the Hegelian Sublime: Paul de Man's Judgment Call Martin Donougho In recent years, the sublime has become a focus of renewed interest in philosophy and literary theory, despite being (perhaps in part because it is) "the most confused and confusing notion of the time" (Honour 1977, 145). 1 Much of the interest has been directed at the (...) Kantian account and the long tradition stemming from it. By contrast, little attention has been paid to G. W. F. Hegel's version of the sublime, whether of the phenomenon itself or of its conceptualization. That is natural enough, it might be thought, given the marginal place accorded the sublime in Hegel's scheme of things--he simply was not interested. Yet, that very marginality is of interest, if we follow the lead of the subtlest of commentators, Paul de Man, in his essay "Hegel on the Sublime" (1983). As de Man reads and diagnoses it, Hegel's marginalizing of the sublime (much as with the section on symbolics or, indeed, aesthetics tout court) serves the interests of an aesthetic ideology. The gesture of putting the sublime aside in fact reveals more about the philosopher's system than is found in his express doctrine, de Man insists. The sublime, like Hegel's allegory, should then be read symptomatically, as the "defective cornerstone" of the entire system. 2 In this essay, I have two aims: besides explicating Hegel's theory of the sublime on its own terms, I try to assess de Man's reading of Hegel's rhetorical strategies.Even if de Man's charges fail--as I argue they do--his approach to Hegel remains, I think, full of insights. The sublime, it might well be thought, betokens the same penetration of an objective field by subjective theory that (for Heidegger and others) is at issue with Western metaphysics as a whole; a prime instance of this would be Hegel's own allegedly masterful project, including his attempt at an aesthetic system. So understood, "on the sublime" would translate as over the sublime, that is, in a bid to enframe and control discourse about "the most high" or "great writing" (see Longinus). 3 And then we might ask, for example, what Hegel is doing [End Page 1] when he consigns the sublime to a minor role, or when he instead gives the classical Ideal star billing. How exactly does he stage his discourse about art?Oddly enough, Hegel's sublime is not at all part of the main theoretical line stemming (if only in retrospect) from Immanuel Kant. That line might be dubbed "the Romantic sublime"--the title of an influential book by Thomas Weiskel, which appeared posthumously in 1976--or, alternatively, "the Yale sublime," in honor of an entire group (which includes Geoffrey Hartman and Harold Bloom) who wrote about the tendency of Romantics such as William Wordsworth and Ralph Waldo Emerson to invest themselves in their topic. 4 Kant himself points to a possible illusory move he labels subreption. Here--to apply a useful distinction Peter de Bolla (1989) draws--we have not just a discourse on, but also a discourse of the sublime. 5 The discourse of the sublime produces the very category it is meant to analyze, hence providing a space for "experience" of the sublime. A boot-strapping process induces a "subject-effect," calls forth a subject position. The remarkable thing is that--although he is said at sixteen to have made a translation of Longinus 6 and although he was, of course, familiar with the whole Kantian approach, which in many respects should have been congenial to him--Hegel stands apart from this "Romantic," or "hermeneutic," sublime. He does not at all give the appearance of staging readings in the manner sketched above, but instead adopts a distanced, disinterested perspective on the phenomenon.Even so, his aesthetic system might be accused of framing a discourse on the sublime, which, through seeking dialectical profit on its investment, shades into a discourse of the sublime. Thus, de... (shrink)

Para que se compreenda a crítica de Hegel a Kant em _Crença e saber_, artigo publicado pelo filósofo no _Jornal Crítico de Filosofia_, editado em conjunto com Schelling, retomaremos inicialmente no escrito sobre a _Diferença_ o primeiro esboço da exposição hegeliana daquilo que pare ele constitui a tarefa filosófica, de modo que ela dê conta das cisões originadas pela cultura filosófica moderna. O ponto de vista filosófico de Hegel no artigo está apoiado nesse texto. A seguir, reconstituiremos o contexto da (...) criação do _Jornal Crítico_, as diretrizes a serem atendidas pela crítica filosófica e expostas no artigo introdutório do _Jornal_, para só então abordar os traços gerais da crítica às filosofias da reflexão e, por fim, a crítica de Hegel a Kant. Com respeito a esta, procura o filósofo tanto apontar aquilo que há de limitado no projeto filosófico crítico, quanto aquilo que pode ser considerado um prenúncio da autêntica especulação filosófica. (shrink)

Kant considers that organisms contain inherited natural dispositions which define their main characteristics as organisms of a certain species. The human being possesses four different fundamental dispositions. The aim of this article is to describe these dispositions in detail. Firstly, there is the disposition to animality. The human being shares this disposition with some animals. This disposition consists of five inclinations: to self-preservation, sexual reproduction, sociability, physical enjoyment and freedom. Secondly, there is the group of dispositions specific to the human (...) being as a rational being. This group contains three dispositions: technical, pragmatic and moral. These dispositions contribute respectively to culture, civilisation and morality. (shrink)

Although there is increased recognition of the inevitable--and perhaps sometimes beneficial-- role of values in scientific inquiry, there are also growing concerns about the potential for commercial values to lead to bias. This is particularly evident in biomedical research. There is a concern that conflicts of interest created by commercialization may lead to biased reasoning or methodological choices in testing drugs and medical interventions. In addition, such interests may lead research in directions that are unresponsive to pressing social needs, when (...) it is profitable to do so. Feminist philosophy of science seems particularly well situated to provide resources to help address such concerns because this literature has both 1) theorized about how to minimize biases in science, e.g., sexist or androcentric biases, and 2) generated accounts of objectivity that do not require individual scientists to be value-neutral or disinterested. Two such accounts are assessed in relation to concerns about commercial bias: those offered by feminist empiricism and standpoint feminism. We argue that standpoint feminism is more promising because it has resources to address, not just the epistemological, but also the inescapably ethical dimensions of commercial bias. (shrink)

La preocupación de las ciencias sociales por los procesos de movilización y protesta ha generado la conformación de un campo particular de estudio sobre movimientos sociales. No obstante, y a pesar tanto del interés teórico y del intenso debate metodológico en referencia a las técnicas cualitativas,..

Se estudia la relación entre la sátira culta de Juan de Salisbury y la sátira popular contemporánea de los goliardos, poniendo de manifiesto sus afinidades y diferencias.

A ideia que avançamos aqui é que Voltaire é de pleno direito o inventor ou um dos inventores privilegiados do conceito de "tempos modernos" ou de uma nova atitude do filósofo face ao presente, compreendido como acontecimento no sentido de ruptura com "a craca e a ferrugem dos séculos" que ainda continuam a pesar sobre os espíritos. Segue-se este paradoxo: o acontecimento da modernidade é ao mesmo tempo um presente efetivo e um simples "crepúsculo" para o advento das Luzes.

El objetivo del presente artículo es ofrecer una interpretación de la doctrina del esquematismo de los conceptos empíricos y matemáticos presentada por Kant en su Crítica de la razón pura. Mostramos que los esquemas de los conceptos empíricos y matemáticos son procedimientos de síntesis gobernados por reglas conceptuales. Aunque no consideramos que esta doctrina kantiana carece de problemas, nuestro trabajo muestra que: 1) esos esquemas pueden distinguirse rigurosamente de sus correspondientes conceptos; 2) esos esquemas no son entidades superfluas. Estas conclusiones (...) se alcanzan mostrando que el contenido de un concepto determina la unidad de elementos sensibles que tiene que ser efectuada por un esquema en tanto procedimiento de síntesis. (shrink)

Uterus transplantation (UTx) research has been introduced in several countries, with trials in Sweden and the United States producing successful outcomes. The growing interest in developing UTx trials in other countries, such as Spain, the Netherlands, Japan, and Australia, raises important questions regarding the ethics of surgical innovation research in the field of UTx. This paper examines the current state of UTx in the context of the surgical innovation paradigm and IDEAL framework and discusses the ethical challenges faced by those (...) considering the introduction of new trials. We argue that UTx remains an experimental procedure at a relatively early stage of the IDEAL framework, especially in the context of de novo trials, where protocols are likely to deviate from those used previously and where researchers are likely to have limited experience of UTx. We conclude that countries considering the introduction of UTx trials should build on the strengths of the reported outcomes to consolidate the evidence base and shed light on the uncertainties of the procedure. Authorities responsible for the ethical governance of UTx trials are advised to draw on the ethical framework used in the oversight of surgical innovation. (shrink)

SIGNS, LANGUAGE AND KNOWLEDGE IN AUGUSTINE’S DE MAGISTRO Abstract: In his dialogue De Magistro, Saint Augustine debates whether one human being can teach another something using language. For this purpose, he develops his semantics and a general semiotic theory. The first and minor objective of the paper is to show that Wittgenstein’s (1953) Augustinian conception of language applies to Augustine’s semantics. The second and major objective is to show that his skeptical conclusion is epistemic and derives from his strong requirements (...) for justification. For Augustine knowledge requires acquaintance with the epistemic objects. In the case of sensible knowledge, justification consists of first-hand acquaintance; in the case of intellectual knowledge, it consists of understanding thanks to divine illumination. Keywords: Saint Augustine, Augustinian conception of language, Teaching, Significabilia. (shrink)

Este ensaio desenvolve um estudo, a partir da obra de G. Agamben, sobre a arqueologia do ofício e as implicações ético-políticas do modo de subjetivação do funcionário. O funcionário age a partir do dever de oficio, separando, nessa ação, a responsabilidade pessoal da eficiência da ação. Ao agir como funcionário não atua em nome próprio, mas age em nome de outro, para o qual se transfere toda responsabilidade ética da ação funcional. Eichmann apresenta-se como o modelo de funcionário que cumpriu (...) o dever de sua função, independentemente de suas convicções pessoais a respeito da catástrofe humana que provocou. (shrink)

A discussão que nos incita a elaborar este artigo centra-se na questão do direto das crianças pequenas à literatura. A partir de várias mudanças sociais, a educação é um direito; em meio a isso, também os livros literários estão presentes em políticas públicas de leitura. Desde 2008, crianças de educação infantil podem usufruir de livros infantis. Desfrutar desse direito é importante, pois a leitura crítica do texto literário propicia a ampliação e/ou transformação dos conceitos já construídos, uma vez que o (...) ato de ler é um processo de interação entre escritor e leitor por meio da linguagem escrita, processo este que é formado por sujeitos com vivências e pontos de vista diferentes acerca do mundo. Nesse sentido, experienciar a literatura é uma forma de humanização e de melhor compreensão do mundo, do “outro” e de si mesmo. Portanto, defendemos a necessidade de a escola incluir em seu currículo um trabalho planejado cujo foco seja a estética literária com crianças desde a mais tenra idade, garantindo-lhes acesso à aprendizagem e a um mundo maior. Como na Educação Infantil os pequeninos ainda não sabem ler o signo escrito convencionalmente, é fundamental que o educador tenha um papel de mediador nesse processo e, assim, sua formação teórica acerca dos conceitos de leitura e literatura faz-se necessária para garantir às crianças o direito à literatura. Palavras-chave: Direitos humanos. Literatura Infantil. Educação Infantil. (shrink)

Shakespeare's Coriolanus is one of the most brilliant political plays ever written. Despite its ancient Roman setting, it remains a perennially relevant study of the relationship between personality and politics. The Introduction to this new edition illuminates its relevance to Shakespeare'sown time and to later ages while also emphasizing the wide range of interpretations that are possible in performance.

El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la relación entre los dos tipos de esquemas de las ideas de la razón presentados por Kant en su Crítica de la razón pura. Por un lado, Kant sostiene que los esquemas de la razón son principios, reglas o procedimientos (los de homogeneidad, especificación y continuidad). Por otro lado, Kant afirma que esos esquemas son objetos en la idea u objetos imaginarios (los del alma, el mundo y Dios). A los primeros esquemas los (...) llamamos “dinámicos”, y a los segundos, “estáticos”. En primer lugar, sostendremos que los tres esquemas dinámicos se aplican conjuntamente a cada uno de los esquemas estáticos. En segundo lugar, afirmaremos que la aplicación de los esquemas dinámicos al esquema estático de la idea de Dios es una condición de la aplicación de esos esquemas dinámicos a los otros dos esquemas estáticos. (shrink)

This article aims to study the practical validity and political operativity that the Commune-form of organization continues to have among us, today. We will focus on two current and untimely self-emancipatory movements: ‘Zapatism’ and the M.A.R.E.Z., and ‘Democratic Confederalism’ and the cantons. These are two collective movements that, according to the activists involved —and here we will be guided by the texts and materials produced from both movements— deliberately update and renew the ‘Commune’ as a form or mode of organization (...) liberatory and egalitarian, depatriarchal and descolonial type, breaking out as a ‘third way’ in the midst of our patriarchal state and capitalist societies, traversed by all kinds of vertical, dissymmetric, hierarchical, andromorphic and phallocratic divisions. We will begin by defining the most fundamental characteristics of the novelty implied by the Paris Commune in the 19th Century. Then, we will see the problem of the ‘commune’ as becoming-minority, proposing that the commune-form produces a differential human subjectivation with respect to state subjectivation. Next, we will study the problem of ‘double combat’, showing how the women’s struggle was the greatest vector of self-emancipatory flight. And finally, we will study the an-organic consistency of the Commune-form of organization, and we will list its differential features. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar qué tipo de respuesta al escepticismo filosófico podemos esperar de los llamados argumentos transcendentales. La conclusión general es que los argumentos transcendentales no son capaces de neutralizar las dudas escépticas en tanto que formulaciones verbales de posibilidades lógicas. Ahora bien, teniendo en cuenta que el escéptico no puede presentar sus dudas significativamente, parece que sólo tiene tres opciones: dudar con la ayuda de un silencio místico, dudar usando las palabras de una manera metafórica (...) o evocativa, o dudar usando las palabras con sentido literal pero siendo consciente de estar diciendo algo sin sentido. En suma: la duda escéptica nunca puede tener el valor de una duda real. (shrink)

Las tecnologías entrañables representan el futuro de los desarrollos tecnocientíficos desde el punto de vista de la ética, la moral y la responsabilidad. La idea trata de combatir la desvinculación entre la ciudadanía y la tecnología. Hoy estamos en un momento en el que el mercado ha hecho de la tecnología un elemento clave para obtener beneficios. Pero la opacidad en que el mercado se mueve ha alimentado la inhibición ciudadana en relación con la tecnología.